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Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review (2004)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11090.
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iodotrifluoromethane

TOXICITY REVIEW

Subcommittee on Iodotrifluoromethane

Committee on Toxicology

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

Division on Earth and Life Studies

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11090.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This project was supported by Contract No. DAMD17-99-C-9049 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Army. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

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International Standard Book Number 0-309-54550-1 (PDF)

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Copyright 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11090.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11090.
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SUBCOMMITTEE ON IODOTRIFLUOROMETHANE

Members

SAMUEL KACEW (Chair),

University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON

H. TIM BORGES,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

KELLY J. DIX,

Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM

MARCIE FRANCIS,

Battelle, Kensington, MD

SIDNEY GREEN, JR.,

Howard University, Washington, DC

ROBERT HAMLIN,

Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

DAVID KOTELCHUCK,

Hunter College of the City University of New York

GEORGE M. RUSCH,

Honeywell Corporation, Morristown, NJ

Staff

ROBERTA M. WEDGE, Project Director

NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Senior Editor

JENNIFER E. SAUNDERS, Research Associate

JENNIFER D. ROBERTS, Research Associate

MIRSADA KARALIC-LONCAREVIC, Research Associate

LUCY V. FUSCO, Senior Project Assistant

JORDAN CRAGO, Senior Project Assistant

SAMMY BARDLEY, Library Assistant

Sponsor

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11090.
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COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

BAILUS WALKER, JR. (Chair),

Howard University Medical Center and American Public Health Association, Washington, DC

MELVIN E. ANDERSEN,

CIIT-Centers for Health Research, Research Triangle Park, NC

EDWARD C. BISHOP,

Parsons Corporation, Fairfax, VA

GARY P. CARLSON,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

JANICE E. CHAMBERS,

Mississippi State University, Mississippi State

LEONARD CHIAZZE, JR.,

Georgetown University, Washington, DC

JUDITH A. GRAHAM,

American Chemistry Council, Arlington, VA

SIDNEY GREEN,

Howard University, Washington, DC

MERYL KAROL,

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

STEPHEN U. LESTER,

Center for Health Environment and Justice, Falls Church, VA

DAVID H. MOORE,

Battelle Memorial Institute, Bel Air, MD

CALVIN C. WILLHITE,

Department of Toxic Substances, State of California, Berkeley

GERALD WOGAN,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

Staff

KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director

ROBERTA M. WEDGE, Senior Program Officer for Risk Analysis

SUSAN N. J. MARTEL, Senior Program Officer

ELLEN K. MANTUS, Senior Program Officer

AIDA NEEL, Senior Program Assistant

TAMARA DAWSON, Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11090.
×

BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY1

Members

JONATHAN M. SAMET (Chair),

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

RAMON ALVAREZ,

Environmental Defense, Austin, TX

THOMAS BURKE,

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

JUDITH C. CHOW,

Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV

RORY B. CONOLLY,

CIIT Center for Health Research, Research Triangle Park, NC

COSTEL D. DENSON,

University of Delaware, Newark

E. DONALD ELLIOTT,

Willkie, Farr & Gallagher, LLP, Washington, DC

CHRISTOPHER B. FIELD,

Carnegie Institute of Washington, Stanford, CA

WILLIAM H. GLAZE,

Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton

SHERRI W. GOODMAN,

Center for Naval Analyses, Alexandria, VA

JUDITH A. GRAHAM,

American Chemistry Council, Arlington, VA

DANIEL S. GREENBAUM,

Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA

ROBERT HUGGETT,

Michigan State University, East Lansing

BARRY L. JOHNSON,

Emory University, Atlanta, GA

JAMES H. JOHNSON,

Howard University, Washington, DC

JUDITH L. MEYER,

University of Georgia, Athens

PATRICK Y. O’BRIEN,

ChevronTexaco Energy Technology Company, Richmond, CA

DOROTHY E. PATTON,

International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC

STEWARD T.A. PICKETT,

Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY

JOSEPH V. RODRICKS,

Environ Corp., Arlington, VA

ARMISTEAD G. RUSSELL,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

MITCHELL J. SMALL,

Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA

LISA SPEER,

Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, NY

KIMBERLY M. THOMPSON,

Harvard School of Public Health, Boston MA

G. DAVID TILMAN,

University of Minnesota, St. Paul

CHRIS G. WHIPPLE,

Environ Incorporated, Emeryville, CA

LAUREN A. ZEISE,

California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland

Senior Staff

JAMES J. REISA, Director

DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Scholar

RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Senior Program Officer for Environmental Sciences and Engineering

KULBIR BAKSHI, Senior Program Officer for Toxicology

ROBERTA M. WEDGE, Senior Program Officer for Risk Analysis

K. JOHN HOLMES, Senior Program Officer

SUSAN N.J. MARTEL, Senior Program Officer

SUZANNE VAN DRUNICK, Senior Program Officer

EILEEN N. ABT, Senior Program Officer

ELLEN K. MANTUS, Senior Program Officer

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Senior Editor

1  

This study was planned, overseen, and supported by the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11090.
×

OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

Air Quality Management in the United States (2004)

Endangered and Threatened Species of the Platte River (2004)

Atlantic Salmon in Maine (2004)

Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin (2004)

Cumulative Environmental Effects of Alaska North Slope Oil and Gas Development (2003)

Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations (2002)

Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices (2002)

The Airliner Cabin Environment and Health of Passengers and Crew (2002)

Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update (2001)

Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs (2001)

Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act (2001)

A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments (2001)

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals (4 volumes, 2000-2004)

Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury (2000)

Strengthening Science at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000)

Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2000)

Ecological Indicators for the Nation (2000)

Waste Incineration and Public Health (1999)

Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment (1999)

Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter (4 volumes, 1998-2004)

The National Research Council’s Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years (1997)

Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet (1996)

Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)

Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)

Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)

Biologic Markers (5 volumes, 1989-1995)

Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (3 volumes, 1994-1995)

Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)

Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)

Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)

Science and the National Parks (1992)

Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)

Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)

Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)

Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academies Press

(800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313

www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11090.
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OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants, Volume 1 (2004)

Toxicologic Assessment of Jet-Propulsion Fuel 8 (2003)

Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals (2002)

Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline

Levels for Hazardous Chemicals (2001)

Evaluating Chemical and Other Agent Exposures for Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity (2001)

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (2000), Volume 2 (2002), Volume 3 (2003), Volume 4 (2004)

Review of the US Navy’s Human Health Risk Assessment of the Naval Air Facility at Atsugi, Japan (2000)

Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines (2000)

Review of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center’s Health-Hazard Assessment Process (2000)

Review of the U.S. Navy's Exposure Standard for Manufactured Vitreous Fibers (2000)

Re-Evaluation of Drinking-Water Guidelines for Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate (2000)

Submarine Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Hydrofluorocarbons: HFC-236fa, HFC-23, and HFC-404a (2000)

Review of the U.S. Army’s Health Risk Assessments for Oral Exposure to Six Chemical-Warfare Agents (1999)

Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants, Volume 1(1997), Volume 2 (1999), Volume 3 (1999)

Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants (1998)

Toxicity of Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons: HFC-134a and HCFC-123 (1996)

Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (1996)

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (1994), Volume 2 (1996), Volume 3 (1996), Volume 4 (2000)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11090.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11090.
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Preface

Chlorofluorobromines (halons) have been used in a variety of applications, including fire suppression. The U.S. Army uses halons as fire suppressants in several aircraft and ground vehicles. However, these substances have been associated with stratospheric ozone-layer depletion and, as required by international agreements, are being replaced. Iodotrifluoromethane (CF3I) is one compound under consideration by the U.S. Army (and others) as a halon replacement.

The U. S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, prepared a toxicity review of CF3I in 1999 and updated it in 2002. The Office of the Surgeon General of the Army asked the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the National Research Council to conduct an independent evaluation of the Army’s toxicity review for CF3I. In response to the Army’s request, the Research Council formed the Subcommittee on Iodotrifluoromethane, which prepared this report.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following for their review of this report: Kerry Dearfield, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC; Paul Foster, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC; Donald E. Gardner, Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, NC; Michael Gargas, The Sapphire Group, Beavercreek, OH; Murray Mittleman, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; James F. O’Bryon, The O’Bryon Group, Bel Air, MD; Carol Rice, University of Cincinnati, OH; and Henry J. Trochimowicz, Delaware Toxicology Associates, Inc., Newark, DE. Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11090.
×

suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Roger O. McClellan, consultant, Albuquerque, NM. Appointed by the Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the author committee and the institution.

The subcommittee also gratefully acknowledges the following for making presentations or providing information: Glenn Leach, U.S. Army; Leslie Chaney, Therimmune Research Corporation; Gary Jepson, Dupont Company; Charles Reinhardt, consultant; Samuel Dudley, Emory University; Reva Rubenstein, consultant; and Juan Vitali, Georgia Tech Research Institute.

The subcommittee is grateful for the assistance of the Research Council staff in preparing this report: Roberta Wedge, project director and program director for risk assessment; James Reisa, director of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Kulbir Bakshi, program director for toxicology; Jennifer Saunders, research associate; Jennifer Roberts, research associate; Mirsada Karalic-Loncarevic, research associate; Norman Grossblatt, senior editor, Ruth E. Crossgrove, senior editor; Lucy Fusco, senior project assistant; and Jordan Crago, senior project assistant.

Finally, I thank the members of the subcommittee for their dedicated efforts throughout the development of this report.

Samuel Kacew, PhD

Chair, Subcommittee on Iodotrifluoromethane

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2004. Iodotrifluoromethane: Toxicity Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11090.
×

Abbreviations


ACGIH

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

AIHA

American Industrial Hygiene Association


CAA

Clean Air Act

CF3I

iodotrifluoromethane, trifluoroiodomethane,

trifluoromethyl iodide, trifluoroiodide, FIC-1311

CFC

chlorofluorocarbon

COF2

carbonyl fluoride

COT

Committee on Toxicology


ECG

electrocardiograph

EPA

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency


FVF

fatal ventricular fibrillation


HCFC

hydrochlorofluorocarbon

HF

hydrogen fluoride

HFC

hydrofluorocarbon

HI

hydrogen iodide


LC50

lethal concentration, 50% of exposed population

LOAEL

lowest-observed-adverse-effect level


NFPA

National Fire Protection Association

NOAEL

no-observed-adverse-effect level


OSHA

U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration


PBPK

physiologically based pharmacokinetic model

ppm

parts per million


SNAP

EPA Significant New Alternatives Policy


RBC

red blood cell

rT3

reverse triiodothyronine


STEL

short-term exposure limit


T3

triiodothyronine

T4

thyroxine

TLV

Threshold Limit Value

TSH

thyroid-stimulating hormone

TWA

time-weighted average


USACHPPM

U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine


WBC

white blood cell

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The U.S. military is considering using a compound called iodotrifluoromethane (CF3I) for fire suppression to replace previously-used compounds (halons) that are being phased out because they deplete the ozone layer. This report reviews available toxicological data on CF3I and evaluates the scientific basis of the U.S. Army's proposed exposure limit of 2,000 parts per million (ppm). The report recommends that CF3I be used for fire suppression in normally unoccupied spaces because of its potential to cause cardiac sensitization in test animals. The report also recommends that further genotoxicity testing be conducted (testing for changes in genetic material), and that CF3I be assessed for its potential to cause cancer. Should the Army decide to use CF3I, information should be collected and evaluated on how much of the chemical or any of its degradation products might be released and how often.

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